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Lab 0: Linux Crash Course

Grapesea

Lab 0: Linux Crash Course

Task 1: Hypervisor

下载好Debian镜像以及虚拟机（Hypervisor）. 我采用的方案是VMWare Workstation + Debian 13.5 的配置.

  • What is the difference between debian-12.11.0-amd64-netinst.iso and the debian-12.11.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso?

    netinst版本是只包含了必需文件的小镜像文件，通过网络连接来下载其余的系统文件来完成安装；DVD版本是一个包含桌面环境、应用程序等各种软件的大镜像文件.

  • What is the difference between the amd64 and arm64 versions?

    架构不一样，amd64是针对x86-64处理器的64-bit版本；arm64是针对arm处理器的64-bit架构.

Task 2: Linux Basics

The Linux command line for beginners | Ubuntu

nano是个文本编辑器，本身我跟vim共同使用（虽然vim上手有点慢）.

记录一下指令：

  • cd：切换位置

  • ls：查看内容

  • mv：重命名/移动文件

  • pwd：查看工作目录（print working directory）

    ~$ pwd
/home/grapesea

  • rm：删除文件

  • rmdir：删除目录

  • cat：查看并连接文件，-n对输出的每一行显示行号，-b会过滤空行

  • less：是一个分页显示文本文件内容的程序，支持向前后翻页、搜索、高亮等功能

一些问答：

  1. Where is your location when you first log in?

    /home/grapesea

  2. Where are the homes for executable binaries?

    有四个位置：/bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, usr/local/bin

  3. What is /usr stands for?

    usr指的是 Unix System Resources.

  4. What's in /usr/local/bin?

    admin权限下的二进制可执行文件.

  5. Where are the configuration files stored?

    /etc目录下.

apt指的是Advanced Packaging Tool.

You can edit the /etc/apt/sources.list file to change the repository mirror.

Task 3: Network Basics

基础概念解释：

  • IP address：可以变化，类似收件地址

    DHCP协议：会自动分配ip地址. 设备接入网络时向 DHCP 服务器（通常是路由器）发请求，服务器从地址池里分配一个可用 IP，并告知子网掩码、网关等信息.

  • MAC address：基本固定，类似身份证号，如00-16-EA-AE-3C-40，前面3个是网络硬件厂商编号，后面3个是网卡序列号

    ARP协议：负责"IP → MAC"的翻译. 同一局域网内，设备只知道目标 IP 时，会广播一条 ARP 请求："谁是 192.168.1.5？"，对应设备回复自己的 MAC 地址，通信才能真正发出去。结果会缓存在本机 ARP 表里.

    操作系统会根据目标IP确认到目标MAC

  • Subnet mask：子网掩码，用于判断哪些IP属于同一个局域网，具体方法是：IP 与子网掩码做 AND 运算，结果相同 → 同一子网，可以直接通信；不同 → 需要经过网关转发.

  • Gateway：网关，局域网的"出口路由器"，通常是 192.168.1.1. 当目标 IP 不在同一子网时，数据包先发给网关，由它负责往外转发.

  • Port：端口，用于定位到机器上的具体程序.

  • Port forwarding：端口转发，具体来讲是路由器收到外部请求后，把它转发给内网某台设备的某个端口.

首先VMware Workstation预设好的就是NAT模式：

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grapesea@grapesea:~$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:2c:0d:c4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    altname enp2s1
    altname enx000c292c0dc4
    inet 192.168.159.128/24 brd 192.168.159.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft 1538sec preferred_lft 1538sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe2c:dc4/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

可以看出自己的虚拟机ip地址是192.168.159.128（后面的192.168.159.255指的是广播地址，其作用是发送到192.168.159.255 的数据包，同一网段内所有设备都会收到，类似于"群发"）

Debian默认已经安装好openssh-server.

在Windows主机的WSL（MobaXterm终端）上ssh连接虚拟机：

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Task 4: More on Linux

  1. What is the $HOME environment variable used for? What is the value of $HOME for you and the root user?

    $HOME这一环境变量存放目前用户的home路径.

    对于普通用户grapesea，$HOME = /home/grapesea，而对于root用户，$HOME = /root.

  2. What is the difference between the chmod and chown commands?

    chmod用来改变file/directory的权限；chown用于改变file/directory的owner.

  3. What is the difference between the rwx permissions for a file and a directory?

    对file而言，rwx指的是read, write, execute三种权限；对directory而言，x指的是ls查看的权限.

Task 5: Git

建议使用ed25519而非rsa，对此我深有体会（）RSA为了安全性其公钥往往1024bit以上.

ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "chaseraurora5@gmail.com"
Generating public/private ed25519 key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/grapesea/.ssh/id_ed25519):
Created directory '/home/grapesea/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase for "/home/grapesea/.ssh/id_ed25519" (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/grapesea/.ssh/id_ed25519
Your public key has been saved in /home/grapesea/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:... chaseraurora5@gmail.com
The key's randomart image is:
...

接下来：

$ eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
> Agent pid 3029
$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
Identity added: /home/grapesea/.ssh/id_ed25519 (chaseraurora5@gmail.com)
$ cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
ssh-ed25519 ... chaseraurora5@gmail.com

将ssh public key添加到ZJU Git上即可.

测试连接：

$ ssh -T git@git.zju.edu.cn
The authenticity of host 'git.zju.edu.cn (10.203.9.196)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:...
This key is not known by any other names.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'git.zju.edu.cn' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
Welcome to GitLab, @324010xxxx!

这个将会在之后的集群获取中使用.

Task 6: AI Agent

我是Codex/Claude Code都作为主力CLI的用户，环境全部放在WSL下；Codex主要使用ChatGPT 5.4(High)模型，Claude Code接入的是Deepseek V4-Flash/Pro的API.

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这里我还被坑了一下，漫不经心地更新到v2.1.156结果API Error（JSON格式不与Deepseek api兼容），回滚到v2.1.153才解决问题，解决方法：

npm install -g @anthropic-ai/claude-code@2.1.153
export DISABLE_AUTOUPDATER=1
source ~/.bashrc

在Debian中我先配置好Claude Code:

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下面是3个conversation的输出:

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我目前保守起见先添加了stdio-based server (filesystem 和 github)，没有添加remote http-based server.

HPC101_test$ claude mcp add --transport stdio filesystem -- npx -y @anthropic-ai/mcp-filesystem /home/user/projects
Added stdio MCP server filesystem with command: npx -y @anthropic-ai/mcp-filesystem /home/user/projects to local config
File modified: /home/grapesea/.claude.json [project: /home/grapesea/codingspace/HPC101_test]
HPC101_test$ claude mcp add --scope user --transport stdio github -- npx -y @modelcontextprotocol/server-github
Added stdio MCP server github with command: npx -y @modelcontextprotocol/server-github to user config
File modified: /home/grapesea/.claude.json

HPC101_test$ export GITHUB_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN="ghp_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"

现在的结果：

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